Neoliberal Governance and Social Resistance: A Chronology of Events
	Compiled by Coady Buckley. The Commoner, N.7, Spring/Summer 2003. http://www.thecommoner.org
	Date1	Year	Official Event	Resistance or Movement	Comments and Links
		1942	- Speech by President Roosevelt (USA) "Declaration by 'United Nations'" - First official use of the name "United Nations"		Link: A Joint Declaration by the United Nations, subscribing to the Principles of the Atlantic Charter, January 1, 1942
	July	1944	- Bretton Woods Agreements, created the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)		Link: Summary of so-called "Bretton Woods Agreements". United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods. July 22, 1944
	26 June	1945	- The United Nations established		Link: history of the UN
	23 June	1946	- The World Bank formally begins operations.		Link: pages on the World Bank - history, chronology and archives
	27 September	1946	- First annual meeting of the board of governors of the World Bank held in Washington.
	4 December	1946	- President Eugene Meyer resigns.
	15 November	1947	- The United Nations General Assembly approved an agreement formalizing the  relationship with the IBRD
	11 March	1955	- The Economic Development Institute, aimed at serving as the Bank's staff college, is established; financial support from the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations.
	15 April	1955	- Bank transmitted charter of proposed International Finance Corporation (IFC) to member governments for approval.		Link: basic facts and history about the IFC
	19 September	1960	- The Indus Waters Treaty signed by Pakistan, India, and the World Bank in Karachi, thus opening the way to the use and development of water resources on which depends the livelihood of some 50 million people in the two countries		Comment: early instance of 'water rights' issue
		1964	- UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development established		Link: information about 'UNCTAD'
	September	1970	- World Bank, an operations evaluation unit (OEU) established, whose responsibility it is to evaluate the contribution of World Bank Group operations to the development of member countries
	July	1976		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Peru
	January	1977		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Egypt
		1978	- Tobin Tax, Global Taxation - first proposed by James Tobin		Link: information about James Tobin - Nobel Laureate (1981)
	September	1978		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Ghana
	August	1978	- First World Development Report is published		Link: World Development Report website
	January	1979		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Jamaica
	April	1979		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Liberia
		1980	- Brandt Commission - (Independent Commission on International Development) chaired by Willy Brandt. Report: "North-South: A Program for Survival linked economic equity to development" beginning of "sustainable development" concept
	February	1980		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Philippines
		1980	- Multilateral Development Banks (MDB) began "policy based lending" or structural adjustment. - From the 1980s onward, the World Bank/IMF increasingly dictated macroeconomic policies to debtor nations.  By 1996 about one-quarter of all World Bank lending was in the form of structural adjustment programs.
	May	1980		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Zaire
	July	1980		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Turkey
		1980			Comment: Greenpeace establishes one of the first global communication networks for its international staff
	June	1981		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Morocco
	August	1981		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Sierra Leone
	September	1981	- US and global inflationary pressure was disrupted by the brutal twin recessions of 1980-82 brought on by the new Fed chairman, Paul Volker, and his attack on the monetary aggregates.		Link: copies of US Federal Reserve Speeches (from 1996 onwards)
		1982	- Fall in oil prices causes Mexico to default on international debts; beginning of world debt crisis		Link: World Bank Group Historical Chronology (1980-1989)
	January	1982		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Sudan
	March	1982		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Argentina
	October	1982		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Ecuador & Chile
	March	1983		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Bolivia
	April	1983		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Brazil
	October	1983		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Panama
	January	1984		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Tunisia
	April	1984		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Dominican Republic
	January	1985		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Jamaica
	March	1985		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Bolivia & Zaire
	May	1985		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Haiti & El Salvador
	August	1985		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Costa Rica
	September	1985		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Bolivia & Guatemala
	February	1986		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Mexico
	May	1986		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Nigeria
	September	1986		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Bolivia
	November	1986		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Yugoslavia
		1987	- Brundtland Commission - (World Commission on Environment and Development). Report: "Our Common Future" which defined "sustainable development". Chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland. Members included Shridath Ramphal and Maurice Strong
	19 October	1987	- The largest single day stockmarket drop on Wall Street (and other global markets) occurred (known as 'Black Monday' in reference to the crash of 1929)		Link: New York Stock Exchange timeline
	January	1987		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Sierra Leone & Zambia
	March	1987		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Ecuador, Ghana & Poland
	October	1987		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Ecuador
	November	1987		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Algeria, Romania & Sudan
	12 April	1988	- The international convention establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) took effect		Link: about MIGA
	April	1988		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Nigeria
	June	1988		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Ghana
	August	1988		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Hungary
	October	1988		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Algeria
	9 November	1989	- Berlin Wall collapsed triggering the final disintegration of the Eastern Bloc and wide ranging global strategic political reorientation		Comment: major financial as well as political implications
	January	1989		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Benin
	February	1989		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Venezuela
	April	1989		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Benin & Jordan
	May	1989		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Argentina & Nigeria
	16 July	1990	- World Bank, World Development Report 1990, outlines a strategy for reducing poverty based on experiences from developing countries around the world
	February	1990		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Ivory Coast & Niger
	March	1990		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Nigeria
	June	1990		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Zambia
	July	1990		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Trinidad
	December	1990		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Morocco & Uganda
		1991	- Stockholm Initiative on Global Security and Governance.		Comment: origin of Commission on Global Governance
		1991	- Major global recession		Link: an IMF document (in pdf format) " World Economic Outlook - Recessions and Recoveries"
	May	1991		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Nigeria
	August	1991		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Iran
	3-14 June	1992	- The UN Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit)		Link: about 'UNEP' milestones page (key documents and websites including Rio declaration (1992) and Agenda 21
	February	1992		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Albania, India & Venezuela
	April	1992		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Nepal
	May	1992		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Nigeria & Zimbabwe
	December	1992		Protests against World Bank and IMF - India
		1992	- Global Biodiversity Strategy - published jointly by UNEP, IUCN, WWF, and WRI. - U.N. Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) - Rio de Janeiro.  Produced: Agenda 21, Convention on Biological Diversity; Framework Convention on Climate Change; Statement of Forest Principles; Rio Declaration. - U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development - created to advance Agenda 21		Link: UNEP full text of 'Agenda 21' documents
		1993	- First Meridian Conference on Global Governance - held in Bolinas, California
	October	1993		Protests against World Bank and IMF - India & Russia	Comment: more than 500,000 people protest the Uruguay Round of GATT, in Bangalore, India
	1 January	1994	- NAAEC (North American Agreement on Environmental Co-operation) - NAALC (North American Agreement on Labour Co-operation) - NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)	- Zapatista (EZLN) uprising in south west region of Mexico	Comment: beginning of extensive transnational links in structure of global resistance.   So called global electronic resistance
		1994	- First Summit of the Americas, Miami, USA. 34 Nations participated. Agreement to work towards creating a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)		Link: the FTAA website
	January	1994		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Uganda
	May	1994		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Mexico
	June	1994		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Gabon
		1994	- World Trade Organization (WTO) - formed at Uruguay round of GATT negotiations		Link: about the WTO
	29 September	1994	- 50th Anniversary of World Bank and IMF	- Manibeli Declaration (asking for ban on WB funding of Dams) - Establishment of '50 Years is Enough' campaign
		1995	- World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen. - Commission on Sustainable Development		Comment: in 1995 the International Finance Corporation (IFC) made almost US$3 billion in loans and equity investments for 213 corporate projects in 67 countries. The IFC's support for these investments leveraged another US$15 billion in financing for these corporate ventures. Overall, the World Bank Group, supports "about $25 billion of private-sector finance a year, or 10 percent of all investment by private enterprise in developing countries."
		1995	- "Our Global Neighborhood", final report released by the Commission on Global Governance
	July	1995		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Ecuador
	November	1995		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Kenya
	September	1995		Protests against World Bank - Spain
	24 October	1995	- 50th Anniversary of UN	- Establishment of 'Peoples Assemblies'	Link: to document 'Towards A Peoples Assembly by the Year 2000'
		1996	- Campaign for U.N. Reform, organized to lobby for global governance
	27 July to 3 August	1996		- EZLN organize the 'First Encuentro' in Aguascalientes, Southern Mexico
	29 September	1996	- World Bank, Interim Committee and Development Committee endorse and call for implementation of the Initiative to assist the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
	2-4 February	1997	- Microcredit Summit (Washington, DC)
	February	1997		Protests against World Bank and IMF - South Africa
	July	1997	- Asian Financial Crisis		Link: a page dedicated to Asian Financial Crisis - Nouriel Roubini's Global Economics Policy Site
		1997		- Activists, coordinating a global campaign through the Internet, force the OECD to shelve plans for a Multilateral Agreement on Investment, which would have opened up the global economy to corporate investment beyond existing agreements at that time
		1998	- FTAA, Fourth Trade Ministerial Meeting, San Jose, Costa Rica
	23-26 February	1998		- People's Global Action worldwide co-ordination of resistance against the global market	Link: 'People's Global Action' homepage
	May	1998		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Indonesia
	16 May	1998	- G8 Summit on Debt Relief	- 70,000 people protest in Birmingham blocking city centre (meeting moved to country)
	1 June	1998		- Organised march of Children to stop child labour, finishing at the ILO in Geneva
	14 October	1998	- France withdraws from OECD negotiations on the MAI.  Negotiations subsequently terminated
	15-17 November	1998		- Meeting of 38 national 'Jubilee 2000' Campaigns in Rome on Debt cancellation
	31 January	1999	- The Secretary-General of UN first proposed the 'Global Compact' at the World Economic Forum, Davos
	18 June	1999		J18 - An International day of action, protest and carnival aimed at the heart of the global economy	Link: the J18 Protest London
		1999	- Charter for Global Democracy, consolidates recommendations of Commission on Global Governance into 12 principles		Link: Charter for Global Democracy and 12 principles
	February	1999		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Romania
	April	1999		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Mexico
	May	1999		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Argentina
	July	1999		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Ecuador
	December	1999		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Argentina
	30 November-3 December	1999	- WTO Conference in Seattle, USA	- Large scale public protests. 50,000 people take to the streets in Seattle in protests against the WTO effectively stopping the meeting for a day. Ultimately these protests cause the WTO talks to collapse
	January	2000		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Ecuador
	March	2000		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Costa Rica
	April	2000		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Argentina, Bolivia, Kenya & Zambia
	May	2000		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Argentina, India, Malawi, South Africa, Russia, Turkey & Zambia
	June	2000		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Argentina, Ecuador, Paraguay & Nigeria
	26 July	2000	- United Nations Global Compact joint initiative on Human Rights, Labour and Environment launched		Link: UN Global Compact
	August	2000		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Columbia & Honduras
	September	2000		Protests against World Bank and IMF - Brazil
			- World Economic Forum, in Davos, Switzerland	- Thousands protest the gathering of corporate CEOs and world leaders in Davos
	8 March	2000	- The International Financial Institution Advisory Commission ("Meltzer Commission") releases report. The report is highly critical of the World Bank and IMF and urges that they be radically reduced and restructured
	April	2000		- Bolivia, large scale nation-wide protests against water privatization in Bolivia force American corporate giant Bechtel to withdraw from the country. Plans for privatization are put on hold
	May	2000		- Argentina, up to 80,000 protested against the IMF
	May	2000		- Kenya, a peaceful demonstration calling for debt relief and an end to IMF conditions ends in violence and arrests of 63 protestors, including 15 church leaders
	June	2000		- Argentina, over 7.2 million workers support a 24 hour general strike in defiance of the new IMF-prescribed labour laws
	16 April	2000	- Washington, D.C., World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) hold annual spring meetings (held since 1975)	- Large scale public protests
	August	2000		- Columbia, 15,000 workers go on protest and strike regarding IMF's loan conditions
	28-30 August	2000	- UNDPI/NGO Forum held in New York to strengthen "Civil Society" role in UN operations
	6 September	2000	- World Bank and IMF, (James Wolfensohn and Horst Kohler) issue a joint statement on shared objectives and guiding principles		Link: press release from World Bank
	September	2000		- Brazil, referendum asking whether Brazil should discontinue IMF reforms is backed by more than a million people. Organised by the National Council of Bishops and Jubilee 2000, the 'unofficial' referendum is a marked success."
	11 September	2000	- World Economic Forum, Melbourne Australia	- 10,000 to 30,000 protestors in Melbourne at the World Economic Forum.
	September	2000	World Bank and IMF meetings held in Prague	- Prague, Czech Republic, Large scale public protests, 9000 demonstrators participate in protests at the World Bank and IMF Annual Meeting.  Meetings end earlier than scheduled
	January	2001		- Angola, national strikes resulting from IMF prescribed adjustment policies
	January	2001	- World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland	- World Social Forum, Porto Alegre in Brazil, meeting attended by over 10,000 people. The goal was to discuss alternatives to the current forms of globalization
	February	2001		- Ecuador, nation-wide demonstrations and an activist occupation of the IMF offices in Quito, the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) claims victory as the President of the country bows to their demands to lower gas prices and subsidize poor rural sectors
	February	2001	- World Economic Forum, Cancun, Mexico.	- Hundreds of protestors (attacked by police)
		2001	- Free Trade of the Americas Agreement (FTAA) meeting in Quebec	- Large scale public protests
	18 March	2001		- Naples, Italy, an estimated 20,000 protestors march
	1 May	2001		- Global May Day Protests	Link: Guardian newspaper special reports website on May Day World Events
	May	2001		- Hawaii, USA, saw protest at the Asia Development Bank and its policies, similar to those of the World Bank and IMF
	July	2001		- India, ten million state employees go on general strike against privatisation plans and to call for a halt to IMF, World Bank and WTO policies
		2001	- Genoa, G8 summit	- Large scale public protests, at least one demonstrator killed by violent police crackdown. Estimates vary from 100,000 to 200,000 protestors
	August	2001		- Angola, national strikes resulting from IMF prescribed adjustment policies
	3 August	2001	- The IMF and the World Bank invite public participation in a comprehensive review of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) approach
	8 August	2001		- Mexico, approximately 5000 farmers march in protest of free trade and globalization's effects on them and destroying self sufficiency in food production
	11 September	2001		- New York World Trade Center and Washington's 'Pentagon' (US government building) attacked by terrorists
	9-13 September	2001	- Doha, Qatar, The World Trade Organization (WTO) 4th Ministerial Conference	- Small number of people demonstrate in Doha. - Demonstrations globally in connection with the Doha WTO meeting	Comment: little or no access to Qatar granted to individuals or groups wishing to oppose WTO policies, due to anti-democratic and absolutist monarchical state. Since the meeting held in Seattle (1999) WTO meetings increasingly held under anti-democratic circumstances   So called Anti-globalisation movement lost momentum following reaction after the 11th of September attacks in the US
	December	2001		- Argentina, two days of violent protests at further IMF austerity measures, and economic meltdown that brought down the government. More than 16 people known to have been killed
		2002	- Washington D.C.	- 'A16', Large scale public protests against the IMF
	January	2002		Protests against World Bank, IMF and WTO. - Sri Lanka
	February	2002		- World Social Forum, Porto Alegre in Brazil, meeting attended by over 51,000 people
	28 September	2002		- London, anti-war demonstration. 400,000 people march to protest against a war with Iraq	Link: CND website - information about the anti-war demonstratio